Artificial Architecture

Please help with Art History Questions?

questions:
1. In Art the expression of an idea or scene through the use of symbols is called _______

all that is covered in your text book and class discussions, so read your books and attend class, and you may learn something, that is what the rest of us little people have had to do.

Glass in Architecture

In the construction of modern buildings, glass has become an essential component. With modern technology, the permutation of glass types has been both varied and exciting. There have been applications in both small and large amounts - from kitchen wall splash backs, cabinetry and staircase balustrades and threads, to laminated double-glazing for office buildings and skyscrapers.

So which type of glass is suitable for what kind of application?

Here we take a look at the different types of glass, their classifications and specifications, as well as the way glass is used.

Glass Types

1. Float Glass/Annealed Glass

Properties
- Distortion free
- Precision-flat
- Clearly transparent

2. Tinted Float Glass

Properties:
- Solar control and absorption of solar radiation energy
- Cuts down heat transmittance
- Reduce cooling load
- Glare reduction
- Tinted green, blue or grey

3. Low-Iron Glass

Properties:
- High clarity and transparency
- Low iron oxide content
- No green tint that is inherent in normal float glass

Thermal Treatment
Glass is treated with heat to enhance its properties. The main benefit of the process is to strengthen the glass. Basically, float glass is heated to near softening point and then quenched by blasting cool air rapidly. The surface of the glass is compressed as it is cooled faster than its core, thus compressing it.

1. Tempered glass

Properties:
- Impact resistance - can withstand the static load resistance 3 to 5 times that of float glass and impact resistance of 5 to 10 times of float glass of same thickness
- Temperature resistance - it can withstand temperatures of 150 degree Celsius compared to float glass which can only withstand temperatures of 40-50 degree Celsius
- Safety - breaks into small pieces instead of float glass which breaks into large knife-like shards that can cause injury

Applications:
It is applied in shower screens, balustrades, signage, doors and windows and interior and other decorative uses due to its safety properties. It is also known as safety glass.

2. Heat Strengthened glass

Properties:
- Impact resistance - is 2 times stronger than float glass
- Temperature resistance - it can withstand temperatures up to 295 degree Celsius.
- Safety - breaks into larger pieces but holds within its frame as intermediate glass pieces support each other
- Impurities - there is virtually no impurities of nickel sulphide so there is little risk of spontaneous breakage

Applications:
It is often used for architectural facade glazing. This is because it combines well with lamination - allowing the interlayer to be laminated better as this surface is smoother and flatter. This is due to its lower levels of surface compression. The smooth surface also allows better clarity and transparency.

With is flatter surface it also allows for laminated layer to adhere well and reduce optical distortion. Therefore it is often used for double glazing and laminated glass.

However heat strengthened glass is not suitable for areas where there is close human contact as it breaks in larger pieces which can be dangerous. Where Fire access panels or breakable panels are required, tempered glass is used.

3. Laminated Glass

Laminated glass basically involves bonding 2 pieces of glass with an interlayer also known as a PVB (Polyvinylbutyral).

Properties:
- Safety - When the glass is broken, the interlayer holds the glass shards in place, thereby reducing chance of injury. It is therefore a good safety glass.
- Impact resistance - The interlayer is able to absorb force. The interlayer can also resist penetration.
- Sound reduction - The glass has powerful acoustic ability as the interlayer acts as a sound insulator.
- Glare control - By tinting the interlayer, it is able to reduce the heat/glare load by absorbing direct radiation from the sun. This also helps to reduce the cooling load for the building
- UV reduction - These harmful ultra-violet rays of the sun is cut out (99%) thereby protecting internal elements such as furniture. However, it allows the light necessary for the photosynthesis of plants.

Applications:
Laminated glass is suitable for internal but more popular with external glazing applications. The PVB layer can also be made of various colored tints and textures. This is used in inventive ways for interior works.

4. Low-E glass

Properties:
- Good thermal property- frequently used for office buildings with its continuous curtain wall glazing. The insulating property cuts out significant radiation and reduces the cooling load.
- High transparency - The glass is highly transparent and clear
- Low-reflectivity - it allows most sunlight to enter in the visible range without altering its natural color. Provides excellent natural illumination and save energy by reducing need for artificial lighting.

Applications

It is used extensively in building facade cladding - skyscrapers, residential towers, hospitals, theatres, canopies, bridges and skylights. For examples of its use refer to http://www.architecturesingapore.blogspot.com

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Artificial Love: A Story of Machines and Architecture Sale Price: $20.00   Eligible for free shipping! Availability: Usually ships in 24 hours See Reviews For This Product Description According to Paul Shepheard, architecture is the rearranging of the world for human purposes. Sculpture, machines, and landscapes are all architecture-every bit as much as buildings are. In his writings, Shepheard examines old assumptions about architecture and replaces the critical theory of the academic with the active theory of the architect-citizen enamored of the world around him. Artificial Love weaves together three stories about architecture into one. The first, about machines as architecture, leads to speculations about technology and the human condition and to the assertion that machines are the sculptures of today. The second story is about the ways that architecture reflects the tribal and personal desires of those who make it. In the West, ideas of community, multiculturalism, and globalization compete furiously, leaving architecture to exist as it always has, as the past in the present. The third story features individual people experiencing their lives in the context of architecture. Here, Shepheard borrows the rhetorical device of Shakespeare's seven ages of man to propose that each person's life imitates the accumulating history of the human species. Shepheard's version of the history of humans is a technological one, in which machines become sculpture and sculpture becomes architecture. For Shepheard, our machines do not separate us from nature. Rather, our technology is our nature, and we cannot but be in harmony with nature. The change that we have wrought in the world, he says, is a wonderful and powerful thing.

Artificial Landscape: Contemporary Architecture, Urbanism Sale Price: $213.86 See Reviews For This Product Description The architecture and architectural culture of the Netherlands have been causing quite a stir in recent years: a great many remarkable new buildings and projects testify to the current flowering in Dutch architecture, urban planning, and landscaping that's so exciting to so many in and out of the field. Artificial Landscape illustrates the results of this late twentieth century surge of creativity and traces the background of its success, examining both the 'Dutch phenomenon' and its socio-historical context to find out what makes it work so well. What we find is that even in a period of globalization there is still such a thing as a Dutch 'climate,' yet despite this culture's specific national character we have much to learn from it, particularly where its unique synthesis of architecture, urbanism, and landscaping is concerned. This exciting movement is represented by a selection of designs, built works, ideas, plans and manifestoes from such architects and firms as OMA/Rem Koolhaas, Neutelings Riedijk, MVRDV, Maurice Nio, and Max 1, to name only a few. Apart from recording the state of things in Dutch architecture, Artificial Landscape also serves as a survey of contemporary architectural criticism, collecting the most important critiques of Dutch architecture, urban planning, and landscape architecture to have appeared in recent years.

The Paralation Model: Architecture-Independent Parallel Programming (Artificial Intelligence) List Price: $35.00 Sale Price: $19.99 See Reviews For This Product Description The Paralation Model introduces a way of programming parallel computers that is easy to use for general problem solving, and will work for many different parallel computer architectures with any number of processors, from one to billions. The book includes working LISP source code for a mini compiler, along with many programming examples. Parallel computers can often be impossibly hard to program. The paralation model that Gary Sabot describes is a breakthrough in its simplicity and well defined semantics and can serve as a useful and stable semantic staging point for parallel language research. Consisting of a new data structure and a small, irreducible set of operators, the model has a number of useful features: it can be combined with any base language to produce a concrete parallel language; it makes explicit and transparent the cost of both processing and communication, often ignored by shared memory and data flow models; and it serves as a precise tool for a programmer while simultaneously supplying a compiler with an abundance of useful information for a variety of target architectures. This decouples advances and changes in parallel computer design from the design of application programs: old paralation programs can take advantage of new computers without sacrificing efficiency. Gary Sabot is a research scientist in the advanced architecture group of Thinking Machines Corporation where he is helping to design future generations of parallel supercomputers. The Paralation Model is included in the Artificial Intelligence series, edited by Patrick Winston, Michael Brady, and Daniel Bobrow.

Distributed Artificial Intelligence Architecture and Modelling: First Australian Workshop on DAI, Canberra, ACT, Australia, November 13, 1995. Proceedings ... / Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence) Sale Price: $62.95   Eligible for free shipping! Availability: Usually ships in 24 hours See Reviews For This Product Description This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the First Australian Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence, held in Canberra, ACT, Australia, in November 1995. The 16 full papers included in the book are revised versions of the contributions accepted for presentation at the workshop; they cover a wide range of current issues in the field of DAI, such as formal frameworks, methodology, theory, and architecture; various aspects of agents and multi-agent systems are addressed.

Cognitive Architectures in Artificial Intelligence: The Evolution of Research Programs (Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science: Conceptual Issues) Sale Price: $155.00   Eligible for free shipping! Availability: Usually ships in 24 hours See Reviews For This Product Description Summarizes and illuminates two decades of researchGathering important papers by both philosophers and scientists, this collection illuminates the central themes that have arisen during the last two decades of work on the conceptual foundations of artificial intelligence and cognitive science. Each volume begins with a comprehensive introduction that places the coverage in a broader perspective and links it with material in the companion volumes. The collection is of interest in many disciplines including computer science, linguistics, biology, information science, psychology, neuroscience, iconography, and philosophy. Examines initial efforts and the latest controversiesThe topics covered range from the bedrock assumptions of the computational approach to understanding the mind, to the more recent debates concerning cognitive architectures, all the way to the latest developments in robotics, artificial life, and dynamical systems theory. The collection first examines the lineage of major research programs, beginning with the basic idea of machine intelligence itself, then focuses on specific aspects of thought and intelligence, highlighting the much-discussed issue of consciousness, the equally important, but less densely researched issue of emotional response, and the more traditionally philosophical topic of language and meaning. Provides a gamut of perspectives The editors have included several articles that challenge crucial elements of the familiar research program of cognitive science, as well as important writings whose previous circulation has been limited. Within each volume the papers are organized to reflect a variety of research programs and issues. The substantive introductions that accompany each volume further organize the material and provide readers with a working sense of the issues and the connection between articles.

Parallel Architectures for Artificial Neural Networks: Paradigms and Implementations (Systems) Sale Price: $99.95   Eligible for free shipping! Availability: Usually ships in 24 hours See Reviews For This Product Description This excellent reference for all those involved in neural networks research and application presents, in a single text, the necessary aspects of parallel implementation for all major artificial neural network models. The book details implementations on varoius processor architectures (ring, torus, etc.) built on different hardware platforms, ranging from large general purpose parallel computers to custom built MIMD machines using transputers and DSPs. Experts who performed the implementations author the chapters and research results are covered in each chapter. These results are divided into three parts. Theoretical analysis of parallel implementation schemes on MIMD message passing machines. Details of parallel implementation of BP neural networks on a general purpose, large, parallel computer. Four chapters each describing a specific purpose parallel neural computer configuration. This book is aimed at graduate students and researchers working in artificial neural networks and parallel computing. Graduate level educators can use it to illustrate the methods of parallel computing for ANN simulation. The text is an ideal reference providing lucid mathematical analyses for practitioners in the field.

Algorithms and Architectures of Artificial Intelligence (Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications) Sale Price: $117.00   Eligible for free shipping! Availability: Usually ships in 24 hours See Reviews For This Product Description 'This book gives an overview of methods developed in artificial intelligence for search, learning, problem solving and decision-making. It gives an overview of algorithms and architectures of artificial intelligence that have reached the degree of maturity when a method can be presented as an algorithm, or when a well-defined architecture is known, e.g. in neural nets and intelligent agents. It can be used as a handbook for a wide audience of application developers who are interested in using artificial intelligence methods in their software products. Parts of the text are rather independent, so that one can look into the index and go directly to a description of a method presented in the form of an abstract algorithm or an architectural solution. The book can be used also as a textbook for a course in applied artificial intelligence. Exercises on the subject are added at the end of each chapter. Neither programming skills nor specific knowledge in computer science are expected from the reader. However, some parts of the text will be fully understood by those who know the terminology of computing well.'