Orthotic Prosthetics

Contribution of Mechanical Engineering in Disability Rehabilitation

        Disability is a complex phenomenon, reflecting an interaction between features of a person's body and features of the society in which he or she lives. An individual may also qualify as disabled if he/she has had impairment in the past or is seen as disabled based on a personal or group standard or norm. Such impairments may include physical, sensory, and cognitive or developmental disabilities.

         Disability is considered as a problem of the person, directly caused by disease, trauma, or other health condition which therefore requires sustained medical care provided in the form of individual treatment by professionals. In the medical model, management of the disability is aimed at a "cure," or the individual's adjustment and behavioral change that would lead to an "almost-cure" or effective cure. The aim of the disability management & engineering is to rehabilitate these individuals at his/her medical & social fitment.

       Mechanical Engineering contributes to the service of Rehabilitation in the application of Bio-medical Engineering. Generally the Bio-mechanical engineering comprises of application of physics & material science in the aspect of Biological science. Bio-mechanical engineering spread its wings in the field of prosthetic & orthotics, tissue engineering, bio-material science, gait analysis, surgery & implantation, artificial organs, bio-instrumentation (diagnostic & therapeutic), bio-design (CAD/CAM), bio-mechanical simulation (ANSYS/MIMICS), bio-composites & bio-polymers etc.

       Prosthesis & orthotics are basically the mechanical devices providing the external or internal support to the subjects with bio-mechanical disability. The design & manufacturing needs the utmost study of mechanics & kinematics. Material study helps to proper selection & evaluation of the material used in this process. Finite element analysis is a widely used theory in the mechanical solutions. Human anatomy constitutes of different mechanical joints. The orthopaedical biomechanics indicates the mechanical responses in the endo-skeletal system.

       To study the biomechanical properties of human anatomy we can utilize the FEA techniques. It envisions the solution region of human anatomy with the irregular geometry, into some small, discrete & interrelated particles of standard & regular geometry. Avoiding the tedious solution model we can study the biomechanical responses of human bones & joints through the GUI of different FEA software. ANSYS, ABAQUS & MIMICS are used for the modeling of bones & joints with higher accuracy of anatomy. Pathological gait may reflect compensations for underlying pathologies, or be responsible for causation of symptoms in itself.

        The study of gait allows these diagnoses to be made, as well as permitting future developments in rehabilitation engineering. Aside from clinical applications, gait analysis is widely used in professional sports training to optimize and improve athletic performance. A medical device is intended for use in the diagnosis of disease or other conditions, or in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, A pump for continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, an example of a biomedical engineering application of mechanical & electrical engineering to medical equipment. Some examples include pacemakers, infusion pumps, the heart-lung machine, dialysis machines, artificial organs, implants, artificial limbs, corrective lenses, cochlear implants, ocular prosthetics, facial prosthetics, somato prosthetics, and dental implants.

Stereolithography is a practical example of medical modeling being used to create physical objects. Beyond modeling organs and the human body, emerging engineering techniques are also currently used in the research and development of new devices for innovative therapies, treatments, patient monitoring, and early diagnosis of complex diseases.

The Sky's the Limit - Careers in Orthotics and Prosthetics

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Orthotics and Prosthetics in Rehabilitation List Price: $103.00 Sale Price: $79.21 You save: $23.79 (23%)   Eligible for free shipping! Availability: Usually ships in 24 hours See Reviews For This Product Description The most comprehensive physical therapy text available on this topic, Orthotics and Prosthetics in Rehabilitation, 2nd Edition provides clinically relevant information in a reader-friendly format. It provides essential information about orthotic/prosthetic prescription and fabrication to give readers a foundation for gait assessment, both pre- and post-intervention. Separate chapters cover each type of orthotic followed by clinical applications for typical and special populations, while the section on prosthetics provides an overview of the epidemiology of amputation and the criteria the physical therapist needs in order to determine the necessity for prosthetic limbs. Instructor resources available; contact your sales representative for details. * Includes guidelines for pre-prosthetic training programs * Presents case vignettes as models of evidence-based practice and clinical decision making * Uses a multidisciplinary approach to demonstrate how physical therapists can best work with the rest of the health care team

Prosthetics and Orthotics: Lower Limb and Spine List Price: $81.95 Sale Price: $64.74 You save: $17.21 (21%)   Eligible for free shipping! Availability: Usually ships in 24 hours See Reviews For This Product Description State Univ. of New York, Syracuse. Illustrated text features in-depth analysis of gait deviations, interventions, and implications for prosthetics and orthotics. Includes latest developments in materials and fabrications, scientific literature supporting evidence-based practice, terminology, and case studies. For students.

Lower-Limb Prosthetics and Orthotics: Clinical Concepts List Price: $55.95 Sale Price: $50.35 You save: $5.60 (10%)   Eligible for free shipping! Availability: Not yet published See Reviews For This Product Description   Lower-Limb Prosthetics and Orthotics: Clinical Concepts is a comprehensive overview of lower-limb prosthetics and orthotics, covering normal and pathological gait, lower-limb biomechanics, clinical applications, as well as prosthetic and orthotic designs and components. Joan Edelstein and Alex Moroz have written Lower-Limb Prosthetics and Orthotics with the clinician’s perspective in mind. Clinical management is incorporated throughout the text, including basic surgical concepts, postoperative management, preprosthetic care, and training in the use of devices. Additionally, this text incorporates unique features relevant to physicians such as prescription writing and prosthetic and orthotic construction and modification, as well as, the latest research regarding energy consumption and long-term utilization of prostheses. Chapters Include:   Orthotics in neuromuscular diseases Orthotics in pediatrics Functional expectations Gait and activities training Transtibial and transfemoral prostheses and components Transtibial and transfemoral biomechanics, evaluation, and gait analysis Disarticulations and Bilateral Amputations   With over 150 line drawings and photographs to supplement the text, Lower-Limb Prosthetics and Orthotics: Clinical Concepts is ideal for clinicians in the fields of physical medicine and rehabilitation, orthopedics, vascular surgery, physical therapy and occupational therapy.

Prosthetics and Orthotics (2nd Edition) Sale Price: $83.20   Eligible for free shipping! Availability: Usually ships in 24 hours See Reviews For This Product Description American Prosthetics and Orthotics, Inc. Textbook for entry-level students in physical and occupational therapy. Summarizes the principles of providing quality clinical patient care for patients needing prostheses and/or orthoses. Features updated and expanded coverage of transtibial and transfemoral prostheses. Previous edition: c1990.

Short Textbook of Prosthetics & Orthotics Sale Price: $15.00   Eligible for free shipping! Availability: Usually ships in 24 hours See Reviews For This Product Description SECTION I: PROSTHESIS, 1. Introduction to Prosthesis, 2. Incidence and Epidemiology, 3. Rehabilitation of an Amputee, 4. Problems in Stump, 5. Immediate Postoperative Prosthetic Fitting, 6. Prosthesis in Foot and Ankle Amputation, 7. Prosthesis in Transtibial Amputation, 8. Gait Analysis in Transtibial Amputees, 9. Prosthesis in Knee Disarticulation, 10. Prosthesis in Transfemoral Amputation, 11. Gait Analysis in Transfemoral Amputees, 12. Prosthesis in Hip Disarticulation, 13. Indian Modification of Lower Limb Prosthesis, 14. Prosthesis for Hand Amputation and Wrist Disarticulation, 15. Prosthesis for Transradial Amputation, 16. Prosthesis for Transhumeral Amputation, 17. Prosthesis for Elbow and Shoulder Disarticulation, 18. Congenital Limb Deficiency, 19. Recent Advances in Prosthesis, SECTION II: ORTHOSIS, 20. Introduction to Orthosis, 21. Functions of an Orthosis, 22. Prescription of Orthosis, 23. Cervical Orthosis, 24. Thoracolumbosacral Orthosis, 25. Orthosis to Correct Spinal Deformities, 26. Upper Limb Orthosis, 27. Lower Limb Weight Relieving Orthosis, 28. Lower Limb Orthosis, 29. Foot Wear Modifications, 30. Orthosis in Poliomyelitis, 31. Orthosis in Hemiplegia, 32. Orthosis in Nerve Injuries, 33. Orthosis in Spinal Cord Injury, 34. Orthosis in Rheumatic Conditions and Burns, 35. Ambulatory Aids, 36. Short Notes.